Ecology of a changing planet /
Bush, Mark B.
Ecology of a changing planet / Mark B. Bush. - 2nd ed. - Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall, 2000. - xiii, 498 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 26 cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 482-487) and indexes.
1 Diversity --
Chapter 1 Ecology, Environmentalism, and the First Polluters 2 --
1.1 Developing and Testing Hypotheses 2 --
1.2 Science and Society 3 --
1.3 Ecology Is Not Environmentalism 5 --
1.4 A Brief History of Earth: The First Billion Years 6 --
1.5 Trying to Create Life in a Test Tube 7 --
1.6 Oceans and Life 7 --
1.7 Evolution of Photosynthesis 9 --
1.8 Oxygen Producers Pollute the Planet 10 --
Chapter 2 Evolution and Natural Selection: The Heart of Ecology 13 --
2.1 Change, Evolution, and Chance 13 --
2.2 Theory of Natural Selection 16 --
2.3 Fitness and Genetic Immortality 20 --
2.4 Drifting Continents and Evolution 21 --
2.5 Biodiversity and the Bush of Life 24 --
2.6 What Causes Speciation? 27 --
2.7 Why Does a Species Go Extinct? 28 --
Chapter 3 Ecological Efficiency of Living Things 30 --
3.1 Photosynthesis: Converting Sunlight to Carbohydrate 30 --
3.2 Fate of Carbohydrate 33 --
3.3 Ecological Efficiency of Plants 34 --
3.4 Ecological Efficiency of Animals 35 --
3.5 Energy Flow Through a Food Chain 36 --
3.6 Costs of Control: Endothermy and Ectothermy 38 --
Chapter 4 Climate 40 --
4.1 Solar Connection 40 --
4.2 Priming the Climate Engine 42 --
4.3 Frontal Systems 45 --
4.4 Oceanic Influences 47 --
4.5 Cycles of Climate Change 49 --
Chapter 5 Biomes: The Great Vegetation Types 54 --
5.1 Tundra 54 --
5.2 Boreal Forest 58 --
5.3 Temperate Forest 59 --
5.4 Prairies and Grasslands 60 --
5.5 Chaparral 61 --
5.6 Desert 62 --
5.7 Tropical Forests 65 --
5.8 Tropical Mountains 67 --
5.9 Oceans 67 --
5.10 Estuaries 68 --
Chapter 6 Ecosystems, Nutrient Cycles, and Soil 71 --
6.1 How Large Is an Ecosystem? 71 --
6.2 Getting to the Root of Productivity 73 --
6.3 Soil: Our Ultimate Resource 80 --
6.4 Soil Maps 83 --
6.5 Soil Erosion 85 --
6.6 Importance of Fire 86 --
6.7 Ecosystem Functions and Values 87 --
Chapter 7 Aquatic Ecosystems 89 --
7.1 Marine Systems 89 --
7.2 Groundwater 96 --
7.3 Surface Freshwater 97 --
7.4 What Happened to the Lakes Where Dinosaurs Wallowed? 99 --
7.5 Variability of Natural Lakes and Rivers 100 --
7.6 Seasonal Changes in a Lake 102 --
Chapter 8 Why Wetlands Aren't Worthless 107 --
8.1 What Is a Wetland? 107 --
8.2 Water and Wetland Chemistry 110 --
8.3 Wetlands as Hydrologic Regulators 112 --
8.4 Adaptations to Living in a Swamp 113 --
8.5 Wetlands and Wildlife 115 --
8.6 Indicators of Ecosystem Quality 116 --
8.7 Altering Wetland Functions and Values 118 --
8.8 Restoration of the Florida Everglades 120 --
8.9 Wetlands and the Law 122 --
8.10 Creating Wetlands 124 --
Ecology in Action: Wetland Delineation 123 --
2 Population and Community Ecology --
Chapter 9 Populations and Resources: A Balancing Act 128 --
9.1 Assessing Trends in Populations 128 --
9.2 Drive to Compete 132 --
9.3 Populations and Natural Processes 135 --
9.4 Ecological Niche; or, How to be Your Favorite Organism 136 --
Chapter 10 Who Needs Sex Anyway? 143 --
10.1 Ways to Produce Clones 143 --
10.2 Ecological Costs of Sex 144 --
10.3 Many Babies or Big Bodies: An Energetic Trade-Off 147 --
10.4 Selection for an Optimal Number of Young 150 --
10.5 Territoriality 152 --
10.6 Polygyny and Female Choice 154 --
Chapter 11 Making Connections: Fisheries 158 --
11.1 Fishing Isn't What it Used to Be 158 --
11.2 Fish, Fisheries, and Productivity 159 --
11.3 A Simple Model of Fisheries 162 --
11.4 Further Ecological Thoughts on Fisheries 165 --
11.5 Prey Switching and Fishing 169 --
11.6 Local Solutions to Fishery Problems 171 --
11.7 Are Fish Farms the Answer? 172 --
11.8 National and International Protection 173 --
Chapter 12 Predators, Parasites, and More 176 --
12.1 Evolutionary Success of Cowards 176 --
12.2 Pyramids of Power 176 --
12.3 Optimal Foragingo Theory 178 --
12.4 Do Hunters Control Prey Populations? 180 --
12.5 Predators and Prey Behavior 182 --
12.6 Predators Can Increase Species Diversity 183 --
12.7 Defensive Weapons of Plants 184 --
12.8 Other Species Interactions 184 --
12.9 Mimicry 187 --
12.10 Predation and Management 188 --
Chapter 13 Communities Through Time: Changing Populations and Landscapes 190 --
13.1 Coming and Going of Ice Ages 190 --
13.2 Are Communities Stable Through Time? 195 --
13.3 Pollen History of Northeastern North American Forests 195 --
13.4 Plant Migrations in the Southwestern United States 199 --
13.5 A Mammal Community of the Past 199 --
13.6 Instability in the Tropics 201 --
13.7 So, Are Communities Stable Through Time? 202 --
13.8 Another Note on Extinction: The Blitzkrieg Hypothesis 202 --
13.9 Continuing Changes in Our Forests 204 --
Chapter 14 Ecological Succession: Rebuilding Ecosystems 208 --
14.1 Clements and the Superorganism 208 --
14.2 Ashes to Forest 210 --
14.3 Succession and Ecosystem Functions 213 --
14.4 From Field to Forest 215 --
14.5 Succession and Coral Reefs 219 --
14.6 Disturbance That Maintains Diversity 220 --
14.7 Succession and Habitat Management 221 --
14.8 Old-Growth Controversy 221 --
14.9 Equilibrium or Nonequilibrium in Our Modern Ecosystems 224 --
Chapter 15 How and Why of Tropical Biodiversity 226 --
15.1 Where Are the Tropics? 226 --
15.2 How Many Species Live in the Tropics? 227 --
15.3 Why Are There So Many Species in the Tropics? 228 --
15.4 Diversity of Tropical Habitats 230 --
15.5 Structure and Niche Diversity in a Tropical Rain Forest 231 --
15.6 Niche Richness and Diversity 235 --
15.7 Are Extinction Rates Lower in the Tropics? 236 --
15.8 Pest Pressure 236 --
15.9 Speciation Mechanisms in the Tropics 237 --
Chapter 16 Peopling Earth 241 --
16.1 Humans: A Late Arrival 241 --
16.2 From Hunter-Gatherer to Urban Dweller 243 --
16.3 Agriculture: The Springboard of Population Growth 244 --
16.4 An Exponentially Growing Population 244 --
16.5 Population Demographics 246 --
16.6 Emergence of the MDCs 247 --
16.7 Demographic Transition 249 --
16.8 Limiting the Expansion of the Human Population 250 --
16.9 Reforming the Role of Women 254 --
16.10 Human Population Growth and Consumerism 255 --
3 Ecological Impacts of Changing Land Use --
Chapter 17 Feeding the World 258 --
17.1 Human Nutritional Requirements 258 --
17.2 Agriculture versus Population Growth: A Deadly Race 260 --
17.3 Exporting the Green Revolution 264 --
17.4 Social Problems and the Second Green Revolution 265 --
17.5 Desertification 266 --
17.6 Sustainable Agriculture 269 --
Chapter 18 Pollution: The Other Face of Fertilizers and Pesticides 272 --
18.1 What Is Pollution? 272 --
18.2 Pollution That Increases Growth 273 --
18.3 Biological Effects of Pollutants 277 --
18.4 Why Do We Pollute? 280 --
18.5 Pesticides: Pollutants That We Need 281 --
18.6 Pesticide Alternatives 284 --
18.7 Integrated Pest Management 286 --
Ecology in Action: Biological Control of Rabbits 286 --
Chapter 19 Aspects of Tropical Development 290 --
19.1 Remote Sensing and Tropical Forests 290 --
19.2 Misleading Estimates of Forest Destruction 291 --
19.3 What Are the Factors Driving Deforestation? 292 --
19.4 Promoting the Conservation of Tropical Rain Forests 298 --
19.5 Sustainable Agriculture in the Forests 305 --
19.6 Before We Blame It All on LDCs 305 --
Ecology in Action: Can Extractive Industries Save the Rain Forest? 302 --
Chapter 20 Habitat Fragmentation and Extinction 308 --
20.1 Relationship Between Habitat Area and Species Diversity 308 --
20.2 Lessons from Islands 309 --
20.3 Edge Effects and Habitat Fragmentation 312 --
20.4 Songbirds and Forest Fragmentation 313 --
20.5 Metapopulations: Another Way to Think About Fragmented Populations 315 --
20.6 Threat Posed by Exotic Species 317 --
20.7 Extinction or Crying Wolf? 323 --
Ecology in Action: Studying the Effects of Fragmenting a Rain Forest 316 --
Chapter 21 Working to Save Biodiversity 326 --
21.1 What Is So Good About Biodiversity? 326 --
21.2 Why Have Nature Reserves? 327 --
21.3 Population Needed for Survival 328 --
21.4 Area Needed for Survival 330 --
21.5 Management of Reserves 335 --
21.6 Restoration Ecology: The Next Thrust of Conservation 338 --
21.7 Crawling from the Brink of Extinction 340 --
Ecology in Action: Rebuilding a Prairie 339 --
Chapter 22 Atmosphere, Air Pollution, and Ozone 346 --
22.1 Composition of the Atmosphere 346 --
22.2 Layers in the Atmosphere 348 --
22.3 Air Pollution 349 --
22.4 Our Love-Hate Relationship with Ozone 349 --
22.5 Tropospheric Ozone: The Hate Relationship 350 --
22.6 Stratospheric Ozone: The Love Relationship 353 --
22.7 Protecting the Ozone Layer 357 --
Chapter 23 Climate Change and Global Warming 360 --
23.1 Greenhouse Effect 360 --
23.2 Carbon Dioxide Concentration Through Time 361 --
23.3 Climatic Triggers 363 --
23.4 Human Actions and Climate Change 366 --
23.5 Computer Simulations of a Warmer World 371 --
23.6 Potential Effects of a 2.5[degree]C Warming 371 --
23.7 Carbon Sequestration: A New Way to Think About a Tree 375 --
23.8 Global Warming: A Risk to Be Ignored? 376 --
Ecology in Action: Ecologists Monitor Boreal Fires and Climate Change 376 --
Chapter 24 How Does Acid Deposition Affect Ecosystems? 380 --
24.1 Acidity: Definition and Sources 380 --
24.2 Effect of Acid Deposition on Terrestrial Systems 382 --
24.3 Effect of Acid Deposition on Aquatic Systems 385 --
24.4 Acid Transport and Buffered Systems 387.
An introductory text that outlines the fundamental ecological principles which provide the foundation for understanding environmental issues. It uses a framework of applied ecology to explore specifics such as habitat fragmentation, acid deposition, and the emergence of new human diseases.
013011202X (hbk.) 9780130112026 (hbk.)
Ecology.
Nature--Effect of human beings on.
Environmental sciences.
577 BUS / 005573
Ecology of a changing planet / Mark B. Bush. - 2nd ed. - Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall, 2000. - xiii, 498 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 26 cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 482-487) and indexes.
1 Diversity --
Chapter 1 Ecology, Environmentalism, and the First Polluters 2 --
1.1 Developing and Testing Hypotheses 2 --
1.2 Science and Society 3 --
1.3 Ecology Is Not Environmentalism 5 --
1.4 A Brief History of Earth: The First Billion Years 6 --
1.5 Trying to Create Life in a Test Tube 7 --
1.6 Oceans and Life 7 --
1.7 Evolution of Photosynthesis 9 --
1.8 Oxygen Producers Pollute the Planet 10 --
Chapter 2 Evolution and Natural Selection: The Heart of Ecology 13 --
2.1 Change, Evolution, and Chance 13 --
2.2 Theory of Natural Selection 16 --
2.3 Fitness and Genetic Immortality 20 --
2.4 Drifting Continents and Evolution 21 --
2.5 Biodiversity and the Bush of Life 24 --
2.6 What Causes Speciation? 27 --
2.7 Why Does a Species Go Extinct? 28 --
Chapter 3 Ecological Efficiency of Living Things 30 --
3.1 Photosynthesis: Converting Sunlight to Carbohydrate 30 --
3.2 Fate of Carbohydrate 33 --
3.3 Ecological Efficiency of Plants 34 --
3.4 Ecological Efficiency of Animals 35 --
3.5 Energy Flow Through a Food Chain 36 --
3.6 Costs of Control: Endothermy and Ectothermy 38 --
Chapter 4 Climate 40 --
4.1 Solar Connection 40 --
4.2 Priming the Climate Engine 42 --
4.3 Frontal Systems 45 --
4.4 Oceanic Influences 47 --
4.5 Cycles of Climate Change 49 --
Chapter 5 Biomes: The Great Vegetation Types 54 --
5.1 Tundra 54 --
5.2 Boreal Forest 58 --
5.3 Temperate Forest 59 --
5.4 Prairies and Grasslands 60 --
5.5 Chaparral 61 --
5.6 Desert 62 --
5.7 Tropical Forests 65 --
5.8 Tropical Mountains 67 --
5.9 Oceans 67 --
5.10 Estuaries 68 --
Chapter 6 Ecosystems, Nutrient Cycles, and Soil 71 --
6.1 How Large Is an Ecosystem? 71 --
6.2 Getting to the Root of Productivity 73 --
6.3 Soil: Our Ultimate Resource 80 --
6.4 Soil Maps 83 --
6.5 Soil Erosion 85 --
6.6 Importance of Fire 86 --
6.7 Ecosystem Functions and Values 87 --
Chapter 7 Aquatic Ecosystems 89 --
7.1 Marine Systems 89 --
7.2 Groundwater 96 --
7.3 Surface Freshwater 97 --
7.4 What Happened to the Lakes Where Dinosaurs Wallowed? 99 --
7.5 Variability of Natural Lakes and Rivers 100 --
7.6 Seasonal Changes in a Lake 102 --
Chapter 8 Why Wetlands Aren't Worthless 107 --
8.1 What Is a Wetland? 107 --
8.2 Water and Wetland Chemistry 110 --
8.3 Wetlands as Hydrologic Regulators 112 --
8.4 Adaptations to Living in a Swamp 113 --
8.5 Wetlands and Wildlife 115 --
8.6 Indicators of Ecosystem Quality 116 --
8.7 Altering Wetland Functions and Values 118 --
8.8 Restoration of the Florida Everglades 120 --
8.9 Wetlands and the Law 122 --
8.10 Creating Wetlands 124 --
Ecology in Action: Wetland Delineation 123 --
2 Population and Community Ecology --
Chapter 9 Populations and Resources: A Balancing Act 128 --
9.1 Assessing Trends in Populations 128 --
9.2 Drive to Compete 132 --
9.3 Populations and Natural Processes 135 --
9.4 Ecological Niche; or, How to be Your Favorite Organism 136 --
Chapter 10 Who Needs Sex Anyway? 143 --
10.1 Ways to Produce Clones 143 --
10.2 Ecological Costs of Sex 144 --
10.3 Many Babies or Big Bodies: An Energetic Trade-Off 147 --
10.4 Selection for an Optimal Number of Young 150 --
10.5 Territoriality 152 --
10.6 Polygyny and Female Choice 154 --
Chapter 11 Making Connections: Fisheries 158 --
11.1 Fishing Isn't What it Used to Be 158 --
11.2 Fish, Fisheries, and Productivity 159 --
11.3 A Simple Model of Fisheries 162 --
11.4 Further Ecological Thoughts on Fisheries 165 --
11.5 Prey Switching and Fishing 169 --
11.6 Local Solutions to Fishery Problems 171 --
11.7 Are Fish Farms the Answer? 172 --
11.8 National and International Protection 173 --
Chapter 12 Predators, Parasites, and More 176 --
12.1 Evolutionary Success of Cowards 176 --
12.2 Pyramids of Power 176 --
12.3 Optimal Foragingo Theory 178 --
12.4 Do Hunters Control Prey Populations? 180 --
12.5 Predators and Prey Behavior 182 --
12.6 Predators Can Increase Species Diversity 183 --
12.7 Defensive Weapons of Plants 184 --
12.8 Other Species Interactions 184 --
12.9 Mimicry 187 --
12.10 Predation and Management 188 --
Chapter 13 Communities Through Time: Changing Populations and Landscapes 190 --
13.1 Coming and Going of Ice Ages 190 --
13.2 Are Communities Stable Through Time? 195 --
13.3 Pollen History of Northeastern North American Forests 195 --
13.4 Plant Migrations in the Southwestern United States 199 --
13.5 A Mammal Community of the Past 199 --
13.6 Instability in the Tropics 201 --
13.7 So, Are Communities Stable Through Time? 202 --
13.8 Another Note on Extinction: The Blitzkrieg Hypothesis 202 --
13.9 Continuing Changes in Our Forests 204 --
Chapter 14 Ecological Succession: Rebuilding Ecosystems 208 --
14.1 Clements and the Superorganism 208 --
14.2 Ashes to Forest 210 --
14.3 Succession and Ecosystem Functions 213 --
14.4 From Field to Forest 215 --
14.5 Succession and Coral Reefs 219 --
14.6 Disturbance That Maintains Diversity 220 --
14.7 Succession and Habitat Management 221 --
14.8 Old-Growth Controversy 221 --
14.9 Equilibrium or Nonequilibrium in Our Modern Ecosystems 224 --
Chapter 15 How and Why of Tropical Biodiversity 226 --
15.1 Where Are the Tropics? 226 --
15.2 How Many Species Live in the Tropics? 227 --
15.3 Why Are There So Many Species in the Tropics? 228 --
15.4 Diversity of Tropical Habitats 230 --
15.5 Structure and Niche Diversity in a Tropical Rain Forest 231 --
15.6 Niche Richness and Diversity 235 --
15.7 Are Extinction Rates Lower in the Tropics? 236 --
15.8 Pest Pressure 236 --
15.9 Speciation Mechanisms in the Tropics 237 --
Chapter 16 Peopling Earth 241 --
16.1 Humans: A Late Arrival 241 --
16.2 From Hunter-Gatherer to Urban Dweller 243 --
16.3 Agriculture: The Springboard of Population Growth 244 --
16.4 An Exponentially Growing Population 244 --
16.5 Population Demographics 246 --
16.6 Emergence of the MDCs 247 --
16.7 Demographic Transition 249 --
16.8 Limiting the Expansion of the Human Population 250 --
16.9 Reforming the Role of Women 254 --
16.10 Human Population Growth and Consumerism 255 --
3 Ecological Impacts of Changing Land Use --
Chapter 17 Feeding the World 258 --
17.1 Human Nutritional Requirements 258 --
17.2 Agriculture versus Population Growth: A Deadly Race 260 --
17.3 Exporting the Green Revolution 264 --
17.4 Social Problems and the Second Green Revolution 265 --
17.5 Desertification 266 --
17.6 Sustainable Agriculture 269 --
Chapter 18 Pollution: The Other Face of Fertilizers and Pesticides 272 --
18.1 What Is Pollution? 272 --
18.2 Pollution That Increases Growth 273 --
18.3 Biological Effects of Pollutants 277 --
18.4 Why Do We Pollute? 280 --
18.5 Pesticides: Pollutants That We Need 281 --
18.6 Pesticide Alternatives 284 --
18.7 Integrated Pest Management 286 --
Ecology in Action: Biological Control of Rabbits 286 --
Chapter 19 Aspects of Tropical Development 290 --
19.1 Remote Sensing and Tropical Forests 290 --
19.2 Misleading Estimates of Forest Destruction 291 --
19.3 What Are the Factors Driving Deforestation? 292 --
19.4 Promoting the Conservation of Tropical Rain Forests 298 --
19.5 Sustainable Agriculture in the Forests 305 --
19.6 Before We Blame It All on LDCs 305 --
Ecology in Action: Can Extractive Industries Save the Rain Forest? 302 --
Chapter 20 Habitat Fragmentation and Extinction 308 --
20.1 Relationship Between Habitat Area and Species Diversity 308 --
20.2 Lessons from Islands 309 --
20.3 Edge Effects and Habitat Fragmentation 312 --
20.4 Songbirds and Forest Fragmentation 313 --
20.5 Metapopulations: Another Way to Think About Fragmented Populations 315 --
20.6 Threat Posed by Exotic Species 317 --
20.7 Extinction or Crying Wolf? 323 --
Ecology in Action: Studying the Effects of Fragmenting a Rain Forest 316 --
Chapter 21 Working to Save Biodiversity 326 --
21.1 What Is So Good About Biodiversity? 326 --
21.2 Why Have Nature Reserves? 327 --
21.3 Population Needed for Survival 328 --
21.4 Area Needed for Survival 330 --
21.5 Management of Reserves 335 --
21.6 Restoration Ecology: The Next Thrust of Conservation 338 --
21.7 Crawling from the Brink of Extinction 340 --
Ecology in Action: Rebuilding a Prairie 339 --
Chapter 22 Atmosphere, Air Pollution, and Ozone 346 --
22.1 Composition of the Atmosphere 346 --
22.2 Layers in the Atmosphere 348 --
22.3 Air Pollution 349 --
22.4 Our Love-Hate Relationship with Ozone 349 --
22.5 Tropospheric Ozone: The Hate Relationship 350 --
22.6 Stratospheric Ozone: The Love Relationship 353 --
22.7 Protecting the Ozone Layer 357 --
Chapter 23 Climate Change and Global Warming 360 --
23.1 Greenhouse Effect 360 --
23.2 Carbon Dioxide Concentration Through Time 361 --
23.3 Climatic Triggers 363 --
23.4 Human Actions and Climate Change 366 --
23.5 Computer Simulations of a Warmer World 371 --
23.6 Potential Effects of a 2.5[degree]C Warming 371 --
23.7 Carbon Sequestration: A New Way to Think About a Tree 375 --
23.8 Global Warming: A Risk to Be Ignored? 376 --
Ecology in Action: Ecologists Monitor Boreal Fires and Climate Change 376 --
Chapter 24 How Does Acid Deposition Affect Ecosystems? 380 --
24.1 Acidity: Definition and Sources 380 --
24.2 Effect of Acid Deposition on Terrestrial Systems 382 --
24.3 Effect of Acid Deposition on Aquatic Systems 385 --
24.4 Acid Transport and Buffered Systems 387.
An introductory text that outlines the fundamental ecological principles which provide the foundation for understanding environmental issues. It uses a framework of applied ecology to explore specifics such as habitat fragmentation, acid deposition, and the emergence of new human diseases.
013011202X (hbk.) 9780130112026 (hbk.)
Ecology.
Nature--Effect of human beings on.
Environmental sciences.
577 BUS / 005573