TY - BOOK AU - Christiansen,Eric H. AU - Hamblin,W.Kenneth TI - Dynamic Earth: an introduction to physical geology SN - 9781449659844 (pbk.) U1 - 551 CHR 23 PY - 2015/// CY - Burlington, MA PB - Jones & Bartlett Learning KW - Physical geology N1 - Includes index; Machine generated contents note: pt. I Earth Materials ch. 1 Planet Earth Introduction to Geology Earth Compared with Other Planets The Solar System Earth The Other Inner Planets Earth's Outermost Layers The Atmosphere The Hydrosphere The Biosphere The Geosphere: Earth's Internal Structure Internal Structure Based on Chemical Composition Internal Structure Based on Physical Properties Major Features of the Continents Shields Stable Platforms Folded Mountains Summary of the Continents State of the Art: Mapping the Continents from Space Major Features of the Ocean Basins The Oceanic Ridge The Abyssal Floor Trenches Seamounts Continental Margins State of the Art: Mapping the Ocean Floor from Space The Ecosphere -A Model of Planet Earth Geologic: Meteorites and Earth's Interior ch. 2 Geologic Systems Geologic Systems Direction of Change in Geologic Systems Contents note continued: Systems, Equilibrium, and Geology The Hydrologic System Major Subsystems of the Hydrologic System The Tectonic System Major Subsystems of the Tectonic System State of the Art: Heat Flow Measurements and Plate Tectonics Plates and Plate Motion Gravity and Isostasy Geologic: Earth's Systems from Space ch. 3 Minerals Matter Atoms Isotopes Ions Bonding States of Matter The Nature of Minerals Natural Inorganic Solids The Structure of Minerals State of the Art: X-Ray Diffraction and the Structure of Minerals The Composition of Minerals The Physical Properties of Minerals Stability Ranges The Growth and Destruction of Minerals Crystal Growth Destruction of Crystals Silicate Minerals Rock-Forming Minerals Felsic Silicate Minerals Mafic Silicate Minerals Clay Minerals Nonsilicate Minerals Geologic: Internal Structure of Minerals ch. 4 Igneous Rocks Contents note continued: The Nature of Igneous Rocks Textures of Igneous Rocks Glassy Texture Aphanitic Texture State of the Art: Microscopes Reveal Hidden Worlds of Geology Phaneritic Texture Porphyritic Texture Pyroclastic Texture Types of Igneous Rocks Rocks with Phaneritic Textures (Intrusive Rocks) Rocks with Aphanitic Groundmasses (Extrusive) Rocks with Pyroclastic Textures Extrusive Rock Bodies Products of Basaltic Eruptions Products of Intermediate to Silicic Eruptions Intrusive Rock Bodies Plutons and Batholiths Dikes Sills Laccoliths The Origin and Differentiation of Magma Origin of Magma Differentiation of Magma Igneous Rocks and Plate Tectonics Generation of Magma at Divergent Plate Boundaries Generation of Magma at Convergent Plate Boundaries Generation of Magma in Mantle Plumes GeoLogic: Laccoliths of the Henry Mountains ch. 5 Sedimentary Rocks The Nature of Sedimentary Rocks Contents note continued: Types of Sedimentary Rocks Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Biochemical and Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Structures Stratification Cross-Bedding Graded Bedding Ripple Marks, Mud Cracks, and Other Surface Impressions Fossils and Trace Fossils Sedimentary Systems Weathering Transportation Deposition Compaction and Cementation Stratigraphic Sequences Sequence Stratigraphy Sedimentary Systems and Plate Tectonics State of the Art: Ocean Drilling Programs: Probing the Deep Blue Sea GeoLogic: Sedimentary Rocks at Dead Horse Point ch. 6 Metamorphic Rocks The Nature of Metamorphic Rocks Origin of Metamorphic Rocks Temperature Changes State of the Art: Rock Metamorphism in the Laboratory Pressure Changes Movement of Fluid Deformation Types of Metamorphic Rocks Foliated Rocks Nonfoliated Rocks Parent Material for Metamorphic Rocks Regional Metamorphic Zones Contents note continued: Metamorphic Rocks and Plate Tectonics GeoLogic: The Black Canyon of the Gunnison ch. 7 Deformed Rocks Principles of Rock Deformation Geometry of Rock Structures Joints Faults Normal (Extensional) Faults Reverse (Contractional) Faults Strike-Slip Faults Observed Movement on Faults Folds Fold Nomenclature State of the Art: Geologic Maps: Models of the Earth Domes and Basins Diapirs Fold Belts GeoLogic: The Keystone Thrust ch. 8 Geologic Time The Discovery of Time Uniformitarianism Unconformities Relative Ages The Principle of Superposition The Principle of Faunal Succession The Principle of Crosscutting Relations The Principle of Inclusion Succession in Landscape Development The Standard Geologic Column The Precambrian Eon The Phanerozoic Eon Radiometric Measurements of Time Radioactive Decay Rates of Radioactive Decay Radiometric Dating Contents note continued: State of the Art: Single Grain Ages of Earth's Oldest Rocks Problems in Radiometric Dating Other Methods to Measure Numerical Time Tree Rings Varves Ice Layers Calibration of the Geologic Time Scale Layered Volcanic Rocks Bracketed Intrusions GeoLogic: The Story of the Grand Canyon Revealed in Stone The Geologic Time Scale Deciphering Geologic History Magnitude of Geologic Time pt. II Earth's Hydrologic System ch. 9 The Climate System: Earth's Atmosphere and Oceans Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere Composition of the Atmosphere Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric Water Vapor Energy and Motion of the Atmosphere Solar Radiation and Heat Balance Global Circulation of the Atmosphere The Global Patterns of Water Movement Monsoons: An Important Regional Part of the Climate System Composition and Structure of the Oceans Contents note continued: Composition of Seawater Thermal Structure of the Oceans Energy and Motion of the Oceans Wind-Driven Circulation of Surface Waters Density-Driven Circulation of the Deep Ocean Coastal Upwelling Global Pattern of Oceanic Circulation State of the Art: Earth from Space: Satellite Eyes Climate Zones Tropical Climates Desert Climates Temperate Climates Polar Climates Climate Change Continental Drift and Climate Change Human Disturbance of the Climate System GeoLogic: The Ozone Hole ch. 10 Weathering The Nature of Weathering Physical Weathering Ice Wedging Sheeting Other Types of Physical Weathering Talus Chemical Weathering Dissolution Acid Hydrolysis Acid Hydrolysis and Secondary Minerals Oxidation Concluding Notes Weathering of Major Rock Types Differential Weathering Products of Weathering Geometry of Weathered Rock Fragments Spheroidal Weathering Contents note continued: Regolith Soil Ions in Solution Climate and Weathering Rates of Weathering GeoLogic: Weathering of Mexican Pyramids ch. 11 Slope Systems Factors Influencing Mass Movement Types of Mass Movement Creep Debris Flows Landslides and Slumps Rock Falls and Avalanches State of the Art: Landslide Hazard Maps and GIS Land Subsidence Subaqueous Mass Movement GeoLogic: Slope Systems ch. 12 River Systems Geologic Importance of Running Water Major Characteristics of River Systems The Collecting System The Transporting System The Dispersing System Order in Stream Systems The Dynamics of Stream Flow Factors Influencing Stream Flow Equilibrium Gradients in River Systems The Nile and River Equilibrium Effects of Urbanization on River Equilibrium Processes of Stream Erosion Removal of Regolith Downcutting of Stream Channels Headward Erosion Contents note continued: Extension of Drainage Systems Downslope The Grand Canyon: A Model of Stream Erosion Processes of Stream Deposition Floodplains Alluvial Valleys Deltas Alluvial Fans Floods Flooding on Deltas and Floodplains Flash Floods Rivers, Climates, and Plate Tectonics Climate and River Systems River Systems and Plate Tectonics Modification of Basic River Pattern Age of Rivers GeoLogic: Russia's Lena River Delta ch. 13 Groundwater Systems Groundwater Systems Porosity Permeability The Water Table and Aquifers The Movement of Groundwater Natural and Artificial Discharge Natural Discharge Wells -Artificial Discharge Confined Aquifers Thermal Springs and Geysers Eruptions of Geysers Geothermal Energy Erosion by Groundwater Caves Karst Topography Deposition by Groundwater Lechuguilla Cave Groundwater Resources Alteration of Groundwater Systems Contents note continued: Changes in Composition Saltwater Encroachment Changes in the Position of the Water Table State of the Art: Computer Models of Flowing Groundwater Subsidence GeoLogic: Cave Systems of Guilin, China ch. 14 Glacier Systems Glacier Systems Glacial Ice Types of Glaciers Glacier Flow Crevasses Ablation Glacial Equilibrium Erosion Valley Glacier Systems Continental Glacier Systems Pleistocene Glaciation The Effects of the Pleistocene Glaciation Records of Pre-Pleistocene Glaciation Causes of Glaciation State of the Art: Mass Spectrometry and Earth's Climate When Will the Next Ice Age Start? GeoLogic: Glaciation in the Sierra Nevada ch. 15 Shoreline Systems Waves Wave Motion in Water Breakers Wave Refraction Longshore Drift Longshore Drift at Santa Barbara, California Erosion Along Coasts Sea Cliffs and Wave-Cut Platforms Sea Caves, Sea Arches, and Sea Stacks Contents note continued: Summary of Coastal Erosion Deposition Along Coasts Beaches Spits Tombolos Barrier Islands Evolution of Shorelines Hurricanes, Storm Surges, and Shoreline Evolution Reefs Reef Ecology Types of Reefs Origin of Atolls Types of Coasts Shoreline Classification Based on Plate Tectonics Shoreline Classification Based on Local Geologic Processes Coasts Formed by Subaerial Processes Coasts Formed by Marine Processes Tides Tsunamis and Shorelines GeoLogic: Tidal Inlet, Eastern Canada ch. 16 Eolian Systems The Global Eolian System Wind Erosion Deflation Abrasion Transportation of Sediment by Wind Movement of Sand Movement of Dust Deposits of Wind-Blown Sand Types of Sand Dunes Sand Seas Deposits of Wind-Blown Dust: Loess Desertification GeoLogic: Mars: The Eolian Planet pt. III Earth's Tectonic System ch. 17 Plate Tectonics Continental Drift Contents note continued: Paleontological Evidence Evidence from Structure and Rock Type Evidence from Glaciation Evidence from Other Paleoclimatic Records Development of the Theory of Plate Tectonics Geology of the Ocean Floor Paleomagnetism Evidence from Sediment on the Ocean Floor Plate Geography Plate Boundaries Divergent Plate Boundaries Convergent Plate Boundaries Transform Fault Boundaries Plate Motion Rates of Plate Motion State of the Art: The Magnetic Fabric of the Seafloor The Driving Mechanisms for Plate Tectonics ch. 18 Seismicity and Earth's Interior Characteristics of Earthquakes Elastic-Rebound Theory Types of Seismic Waves Earthquake Locations Intensity Magnitude Earthquake Hazards San Francisco, 1906 Alaska, 1964 Tangshan, China, 1976 Northridge, California, 1994 Kobe, Japan, 1995 Izmit, Turkey, 1999 State of the Art: Radar Interferometry Reveals Earthquake Deformation Contents note continued: Ancash, Peru, 1970 Valdivia, Chile, 1960 Reiteration of Earthquake Hazards Earthquake Prediction Earthquake Preparation Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics Global Patterns of Earth's Seismicity Seismic Waves as Probes of Earth's Interior Seismic Wave Velocity Discontinuities Convection Inside Earth Convection in the Core Convection in the Mantle State of the Art: Seismic Tomography of Earth's Mantle GeoLogic: Inclined Seismic Zones ch. 19 Divergent Plate Boundaries Mid-oceanic Ridges Methods of Study Topography of Mid-ocean Ridges Seismicity Magnetic Anomalies Heat Flow and Gravity Structure and Composition of the Oceanic Lithosphere Seismic Studies Studies of Ophiolites The Oceanic Crust Observed by Deep Submersibles Geologic Studies of Iceland Visualizing the Oceanic Crust Origin and Evolution of Oceanic Crust Magmatism at Oceanic Ridges Seafloor Metamorphism Contents note continued: Structural Deformation and the Origin of Abyssal Hills Concluding Note Continental Rifts The Basin and Range Province The East African Rift The Red Sea Rift Evolution of Continental Rifts to Passive Margins State of the Art: Gravity Variations Reveal Hidden Continental Rift Plate Movement During the Last 200 Million Years GeoLogic: Sheeted Dikes of the Oman Ophiolite ch. 20 Transform Plate Boundaries Characteristics of Transform Plate Boundaries Types of Transform Plate Boundaries Oceanic Transform Plate Boundaries and Fracture Zones Examples of Oceanic Fracture Zones Processes at Transform Plate Boundaries Continental Transform Faults Examples of Continental Transform Faults Earthquakes at Transform Boundaries State of the Art: Global Positioning Systems Magmatism and Metamorphism at Transform Plate Boundaries GeoLogic: Transform(ation) of California ch. 21 Convergent Plate Boundaries Contents note continued: Types of Convergent Plate Boundaries Convergence of Two Oceanic Plates Convergence of Oceanic and Continental Plates Convergence of Two Continental Plates Factors Influencing the Nature of Convergent Plate Boundaries Plate Buoyancy The Thermal Structure of Subduction Zones Plate Motions: Directions and Velocities Seismicity at Convergent Plate Boundaries Earthquakes and Subduction Zones Earthquakes and Continental Collision Deformation at Convergent Boundaries Compression at Subduction Zones Compression in Continental Collision Zones Extension at Convergent Boundaries Magmatism at Convergent Boundaries Island Arc Magmatism Continental Arc Magmatism Generation of Magma in Subduction Zones Magmatism in Continental Collision Zones Volcanic Eruptions at Convergent Boundaries 79 CE -Mount Vesuvius, Italy 1883 -Krakatau, Indonesia 1902 -Mont Pelee, West Indies Contents note continued: 1980 -Mount St. Helens, Washington State A Summary of Volcanic Eruptions Metamorphism at Convergent Margins Formation of Continental Crust State of the Art: Magnetic Maps Show Accreted Terranes Accreted Terranes Accretion of North America Continental Growth Rates GeoLogic: Lau Basin: A Back-Arc Basin ch. 22 Hotspots and Mantle Plumes Hotspots and Mantle Plumes Evidence for Mantle Plumes Characteristics of Hotspots and Mantle Plumes The Evolution of Mantle Plumes: Heads and Tails Making Magma in Mantle Plumes State of the Art: X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Mantle Plumes Beneath the Ocean Basins Starting Plumes: Oceanic Plateaus and Flood Basalts Plume-Tail Volcanism: Hotspot Island Chains Plumes at Mid-ocean Ridges Mantle Plumes Beneath Continents The Yellowstone Plume Continental Rifting, Flood Basalts, and Mantle Plumes Plumes, Climate Change, and Extinctions Contents note continued: ch. 23 Tectonics and Landscapes Factors Influencing Continental Landscapes Climate Differential Erosion Evolution of Shields Rates of Uplift and Erosion Major Landforms of the Stable Platform Differential Erosion on the Stable Platform in Arid Climates The Stable Platform of North America Folded Mountain Belts The Appalachian Ridge and Valley Province Basin and Range Province Flood Basalts: Plains and Plateaus Evolution of Basaltic Plains Basaltic Plains of North America Magmatic Arcs The Cascade Volcanic Chain GeoLogic: Landscape of Snow Canyon, Utah pt. IV Epilogue ch. 24 Earth's Resources Mineral Resources Processes That Form Mineral Deposits Igneous Processes Metamorphic Processes Sedimentary Processes Weathering and Groundwater Processes Energy Resources Renewable Energy Sources Fossil Fuels Contents note continued: State of the Art: Three-Dimensional Seismic Imaging Nuclear Energy Plate Tectonics and Mineral Resources Divergent Plate Margins Convergent Plate Margins Transform Plate Boundaries Intraplate Settings Limits to Growth and Consumption Easter Island, Earth Island GeoLogic: The Origin of Coal ch. 25 Other Planets The Inner Solar System The Moon Mercury State of the Art: Geologists on Other Worlds: The Apollo Program Mars Venus Thermal Histories of the Inner Planets The Outer Solar System Jupiter and Its Satellites Saturn and Its Satellites Uranus and Its Satellites Neptune and Its Satellites Pluto Small Bodies of the Solar System: Asteroids and Comets Asteroids Comets Origin of the Solar System The Role of Impact Processes in the Origin of the Planets Conclusions GeoLogic: Chicxulub: Smoking Gun? ER -