Fluoride in drinking water : status, issues and solutions / A.K. Gupta and S. Ayoob.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 185-188) and index.

Machine generated contents note:
1.Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Global Perspective
1.1.Introduction
1.2.Drinking-Water Scenario
1.3.Geogenic Pollutants
1.3.1.Fluorine: The Chemical Profile
1.3.2.Sources of Fluoride
1.4.Fluoride in Humans
1.5.Genesis of Fluoride in Groundwater
1.6.Summary
References
2.Scenario of Fluoride Pollution
2.1.Introduction
2.2.Global Scenario
2.2.1.Asian and African Scenario
2.2.2.Indian Scenario
2.3.Summary
3.Dental Fluorosis
3.1.Introduction
3.2.Dental Effects of Fluoride
3.2.1.Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)
3.2.2.Prevention of Dental Caries by Fluoride
3.2.3.Role of Fluoride in Dental Decay
3.3.Dental Fluorosis: History and Occurrence
3.4.Development of Dental Fluorosis
3.4.1.Physical Symptoms of Dental Fluorosis
3.4.2.Issues of Dental Fluorosis
3.4.3.Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis
3.5.Summary
4.Skeletal Fluorosis
4.1.Introduction
Contents note continued: 4.2.Action of Fluoride on Bone
4.3.Fluoride Exposure Level and Skeletal Fracture
4.4.Skeletal Fluorosis
4.4.1.Crippling Skeletal Fluorosis
4.5.Fluoride Level and Effects Related to Skeletal Fluorosis
4.6.Significance of Other Factors
4.7.Recent Developments
4.8.Summary
5.Stress Effects of Fluoride on Humans
5.1.Introduction
5.2.Nonskeletal Fluorosis
5.3.Fluoride and Cancer
5.4.Fluoride and Gastrointestinal System
5.5.Other Health Effects
5.6.Summary
6.Fluoride in the Environment and Its Toxicological Effects
6.1.Introduction
6.2.Sources of Environmental Exposure
6.3.Environmental Transport, Distribution, and Transformation
6.4.Environmental Levels and Human Exposure
6.4.1.Fluoride from Dental Products
6.4.2.Fluoride from Food and Beverage
6.4.3.Fluoride in Soil
6.4.4.Fluoride in Tobacco and Pan Masala
6.4.5.Fluoride from Occupational Exposure
Contents note continued: 6.4.6.TF Exposure
6.5.Effects of Fluoride on Laboratory Animals and In Vitro Systems
6.6.Effect of Fluoride on Aquatic Organisms
6.7.Effect of Fluoride on Plants
6.8.Effect of Fluoride on Animals
6.9.Guidelines Values and Standards
6.10.Summary
7.Defluoridation Techniques: An Overview
7.1.Introduction
7.2.Coagulation
7.2.1.Lime
7.2.2.Magnesium Oxide
7.2.3.Calcium and Phosphate Compounds
7.3.Co Precipitation of Fluoride
7.3.1.Alum
7.3.2.Alum and Lime (Nalgonda Technique)
7.4.Adsorption
7.4.1.Bone and Bone Charcoal
7.4.2.Clays and Soils
7.4.3.Carbonaceous and Other Adsorbents
7.4.4.Alumina
7.4.5.Activated Alumina
7.4.6.Other Alumina-Based Adsorbents
7.5.Electrochemical Methods
7.5.1.Electrocoagulation
7.5.2.Electrosorption
7.6.Membrane Processes
7.6.1.Reverse Osmosis
7.6.2.Nanofiltration
7.6.3.Electrodialysis
7.7.Defluoridation Techniques: A Summary
Contents note continued: 7.8.Summary
8.Adsorptive Removal of Fluoride: A Case Study
8.1.Introduction
8.2.Materials and Methods
8.2.1.Reagents and Adsorbate
8.2.2.Synthesis of the Adsorbent
8.2.3.Instrumentation
8.2.4.Characterization of the Adsorbent
8.3.Batch Studies
8.3.1.Effect of Process Parameters
8.3.2.Equilibrium Studies
8.3.3.Column Studies
8.4.Theoretical and Mathematical Formulations
8.4.1.Adsorption Capacity
8.4.2.Kinetic Modeling
8.4.2.1.Pseudo-First-Order Model
8.4.2.2.Pseudo-Second-Order Model
8.4.2.3.Intra Particle Diffusion Model
8.4.2.4.Elovich Equation
8.4.2.5.Arrhenius Equation
8.4.3.Elucidation of Rate-Limiting Step
8.4.4.Adsorption Equilibrium and Isotherms
8.4.4.1.Langmuir Isotherm
8.4.4.2.Freundlich Isotherm
8.4.4.3.Dubinin
Radushkevich (D
R) Isotherm
8.4.4.4.Selection of Best-Fitting Isotherm
8.4.4.5.Natural and Synthetic Systems
Contents note continued: 8.4.4.6.Concentration and Dose Variation Studies
8.4.5.Factors Influencing Adsorption
8.4.5.1.Adsorbent Dose
8.4.5.2.Contact Time
8.4.5.3.Agitation Rate
8.4.5.4.Effect of pH and Coexisting Ions
8.4.5.5.Temperature
8.4.5.6.Ionic Strength
8.4.6.Behavior of Adsorption Columns
8.4.7.Analysis and Modeling of Breakthrough Profile
8.4.7.1.Hutchins BDST Model
8.4.7.2.Thomas Model
8.4.7.3.Yoon
Nelson Model
8.4.7.4.Clark Model
8.4.7.5.Wolborska Model
8.4.7.6.Bohart and Adams Model
8.4.8.Regeneration
8.5.Results and Discussions
8.5.1.Characterization of the Adsorbent
8.5.2.Kinetics Studies
8.5.2.1.Agitation Rate
8.5.2.2.Adsorbent Dosage
8.5.3.Kinetic Profile of Fluoride Uptake
8.5.3.1.Pseudo-First-Order Model
8.5.3.2.Pseudo-Second-Order Model
8.5.3.3.Intra Particle Surface Diffusion Model
8.5.3.4.Elovich Model
8.5.3.5.Arrhenius Equation
8.5.4.Elucidation of Rate-Limiting Step
Contents note continued: 8.5.5.Fluoride Removal Mechanism
8.5.6.Isotherm Studies
8.5.6.1.Effects of Temperature
8.5.7.Performance Evaluation of ALC in Natural and Synthetic Systems
8.5.7.1.Effect of pH, Ionic Strength, and Temperature
8.5.7.2.Effects of Other Ions
8.5.8.Column Studies
8.5.8.1.Effect of Process Parameters on Breakthrough
8.5.9.Application of Sorption Models
8.5.9.1.Comparison of the Applied Models (Synthetic Water)
8.5.9.2.Comparison of the Applied Models (Natural Water)
8.5.10.Fluoride Desorption Studies
8.6.Summary of the Case Study
8.7.Conclusions of the Case Study
References.