Dynamic Earth : an introduction to physical geology / Eric H. Christiansen, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, W. Kenneth Hamblin.

Includes index.

Machine generated contents note: pt. I Earth Materials
ch. 1 Planet Earth
Introduction to Geology
Earth Compared with Other Planets
The Solar System
Earth
The Other Inner Planets
Earth's Outermost Layers
The Atmosphere
The Hydrosphere
The Biosphere
The Geosphere: Earth's Internal Structure
Internal Structure Based on Chemical Composition
Internal Structure Based on Physical Properties
Major Features of the Continents
Shields
Stable Platforms
Folded Mountains
Summary of the Continents
State of the Art: Mapping the Continents from Space
Major Features of the Ocean Basins
The Oceanic Ridge
The Abyssal Floor
Trenches
Seamounts
Continental Margins
State of the Art: Mapping the Ocean Floor from Space
The Ecosphere
-A Model of Planet Earth
Geologic: Meteorites and Earth's Interior
ch. 2 Geologic Systems
Geologic Systems
Direction of Change in Geologic Systems
Contents note continued: Systems, Equilibrium, and Geology
The Hydrologic System
Major Subsystems of the Hydrologic System
The Tectonic System
Major Subsystems of the Tectonic System
State of the Art: Heat Flow Measurements and Plate Tectonics
Plates and Plate Motion
Gravity and Isostasy
Geologic: Earth's Systems from Space
ch. 3 Minerals
Matter
Atoms
Isotopes
Ions
Bonding
States of Matter
The Nature of Minerals
Natural Inorganic Solids
The Structure of Minerals
State of the Art: X-Ray Diffraction and the Structure of Minerals
The Composition of Minerals
The Physical Properties of Minerals
Stability Ranges
The Growth and Destruction of Minerals
Crystal Growth
Destruction of Crystals
Silicate Minerals
Rock-Forming Minerals
Felsic Silicate Minerals
Mafic Silicate Minerals
Clay Minerals
Nonsilicate Minerals
Geologic: Internal Structure of Minerals
ch. 4 Igneous Rocks
Contents note continued: The Nature of Igneous Rocks
Textures of Igneous Rocks
Glassy Texture
Aphanitic Texture
State of the Art: Microscopes Reveal Hidden Worlds of Geology
Phaneritic Texture
Porphyritic Texture
Pyroclastic Texture
Types of Igneous Rocks
Rocks with Phaneritic Textures (Intrusive Rocks)
Rocks with Aphanitic Groundmasses (Extrusive)
Rocks with Pyroclastic Textures
Extrusive Rock Bodies
Products of Basaltic Eruptions
Products of Intermediate to Silicic Eruptions
Intrusive Rock Bodies
Plutons and Batholiths
Dikes
Sills
Laccoliths
The Origin and Differentiation of Magma
Origin of Magma
Differentiation of Magma
Igneous Rocks and Plate Tectonics
Generation of Magma at Divergent Plate Boundaries
Generation of Magma at Convergent Plate Boundaries
Generation of Magma in Mantle Plumes
GeoLogic: Laccoliths of the Henry Mountains
ch. 5 Sedimentary Rocks
The Nature of Sedimentary Rocks
Contents note continued: Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Biochemical and Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Structures
Stratification
Cross-Bedding
Graded Bedding
Ripple Marks, Mud Cracks, and Other Surface Impressions
Fossils and Trace Fossils
Sedimentary Systems
Weathering
Transportation
Deposition
Compaction and Cementation
Stratigraphic Sequences
Sequence Stratigraphy
Sedimentary Systems and Plate Tectonics
State of the Art: Ocean Drilling Programs: Probing the Deep Blue Sea
GeoLogic: Sedimentary Rocks at Dead Horse Point
ch. 6 Metamorphic Rocks
The Nature of Metamorphic Rocks
Origin of Metamorphic Rocks
Temperature Changes
State of the Art: Rock Metamorphism in the Laboratory
Pressure Changes
Movement of Fluid
Deformation
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
Foliated Rocks
Nonfoliated Rocks
Parent Material for Metamorphic Rocks
Regional Metamorphic Zones
Contents note continued: Metamorphic Rocks and Plate Tectonics
GeoLogic: The Black Canyon of the Gunnison
ch. 7 Deformed Rocks
Principles of Rock Deformation
Geometry of Rock Structures
Joints
Faults
Normal (Extensional) Faults
Reverse (Contractional) Faults
Strike-Slip Faults
Observed Movement on Faults
Folds
Fold Nomenclature
State of the Art: Geologic Maps: Models of the Earth
Domes and Basins
Diapirs
Fold Belts
GeoLogic: The Keystone Thrust
ch. 8 Geologic Time
The Discovery of Time
Uniformitarianism
Unconformities
Relative Ages
The Principle of Superposition
The Principle of Faunal Succession
The Principle of Crosscutting Relations
The Principle of Inclusion
Succession in Landscape Development
The Standard Geologic Column
The Precambrian Eon
The Phanerozoic Eon
Radiometric Measurements of Time
Radioactive Decay
Rates of Radioactive Decay
Radiometric Dating
Contents note continued: State of the Art: Single Grain Ages of Earth's Oldest Rocks
Problems in Radiometric Dating
Other Methods to Measure Numerical Time
Tree Rings
Varves
Ice Layers
Calibration of the Geologic Time Scale
Layered Volcanic Rocks
Bracketed Intrusions
GeoLogic: The Story of the Grand Canyon Revealed in Stone
The Geologic Time Scale
Deciphering Geologic History
Magnitude of Geologic Time
pt. II Earth's Hydrologic System
ch. 9 The Climate System: Earth's Atmosphere and Oceans
Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere
Composition of the Atmosphere
Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric Water Vapor
Energy and Motion of the Atmosphere
Solar Radiation and Heat Balance
Global Circulation of the Atmosphere
The Global Patterns of Water Movement
Monsoons: An Important Regional Part of the Climate System
Composition and Structure of the Oceans
Contents note continued: Composition of Seawater
Thermal Structure of the Oceans
Energy and Motion of the Oceans
Wind-Driven Circulation of Surface Waters
Density-Driven Circulation of the Deep Ocean
Coastal Upwelling
Global Pattern of Oceanic Circulation
State of the Art: Earth from Space: Satellite Eyes
Climate Zones
Tropical Climates
Desert Climates
Temperate Climates
Polar Climates
Climate Change
Continental Drift and Climate Change
Human Disturbance of the Climate System
GeoLogic: The Ozone Hole
ch. 10 Weathering
The Nature of Weathering
Physical Weathering
Ice Wedging
Sheeting
Other Types of Physical Weathering
Talus
Chemical Weathering
Dissolution
Acid Hydrolysis
Acid Hydrolysis and Secondary Minerals
Oxidation
Concluding Notes
Weathering of Major Rock Types
Differential Weathering
Products of Weathering
Geometry of Weathered Rock Fragments
Spheroidal Weathering
Contents note continued: Regolith
Soil
Ions in Solution
Climate and Weathering
Rates of Weathering
GeoLogic: Weathering of Mexican Pyramids
ch. 11 Slope Systems
Factors Influencing Mass Movement
Types of Mass Movement
Creep
Debris Flows
Landslides and Slumps
Rock Falls and Avalanches
State of the Art: Landslide Hazard Maps and GIS
Land Subsidence
Subaqueous Mass Movement
GeoLogic: Slope Systems
ch. 12 River Systems
Geologic Importance of Running Water
Major Characteristics of River Systems
The Collecting System
The Transporting System
The Dispersing System
Order in Stream Systems
The Dynamics of Stream Flow
Factors Influencing Stream Flow
Equilibrium Gradients in River Systems
The Nile and River Equilibrium
Effects of Urbanization on River Equilibrium
Processes of Stream Erosion
Removal of Regolith
Downcutting of Stream Channels
Headward Erosion
Contents note continued: Extension of Drainage Systems Downslope
The Grand Canyon: A Model of Stream Erosion
Processes of Stream Deposition
Floodplains
Alluvial Valleys
Deltas
Alluvial Fans
Floods
Flooding on Deltas and Floodplains
Flash Floods
Rivers, Climates, and Plate Tectonics
Climate and River Systems
River Systems and Plate Tectonics
Modification of Basic River Pattern
Age of Rivers
GeoLogic: Russia's Lena River Delta
ch. 13 Groundwater Systems
Groundwater Systems
Porosity
Permeability
The Water Table and Aquifers
The Movement of Groundwater
Natural and Artificial Discharge
Natural Discharge
Wells
-Artificial Discharge
Confined Aquifers
Thermal Springs and Geysers
Eruptions of Geysers
Geothermal Energy
Erosion by Groundwater
Caves
Karst Topography
Deposition by Groundwater
Lechuguilla Cave
Groundwater Resources
Alteration of Groundwater Systems
Contents note continued: Changes in Composition
Saltwater Encroachment
Changes in the Position of the Water Table
State of the Art: Computer Models of Flowing Groundwater
Subsidence
GeoLogic: Cave Systems of Guilin, China
ch. 14 Glacier Systems
Glacier Systems
Glacial Ice
Types of Glaciers
Glacier Flow
Crevasses
Ablation
Glacial Equilibrium
Erosion
Valley Glacier Systems
Continental Glacier Systems
Pleistocene Glaciation
The Effects of the Pleistocene Glaciation
Records of Pre-Pleistocene Glaciation
Causes of Glaciation
State of the Art: Mass Spectrometry and Earth's Climate
When Will the Next Ice Age Start?
GeoLogic: Glaciation in the Sierra Nevada
ch. 15 Shoreline Systems
Waves
Wave Motion in Water
Breakers
Wave Refraction
Longshore Drift
Longshore Drift at Santa Barbara, California
Erosion Along Coasts
Sea Cliffs and Wave-Cut Platforms
Sea Caves, Sea Arches, and Sea Stacks
Contents note continued: Summary of Coastal Erosion
Deposition Along Coasts
Beaches
Spits
Tombolos
Barrier Islands
Evolution of Shorelines
Hurricanes, Storm Surges, and Shoreline Evolution
Reefs
Reef Ecology
Types of Reefs
Origin of Atolls
Types of Coasts
Shoreline Classification Based on Plate Tectonics
Shoreline Classification Based on Local Geologic Processes
Coasts Formed by Subaerial Processes
Coasts Formed by Marine Processes
Tides
Tsunamis and Shorelines
GeoLogic: Tidal Inlet, Eastern Canada
ch. 16 Eolian Systems
The Global Eolian System
Wind Erosion
Deflation
Abrasion
Transportation of Sediment by Wind
Movement of Sand
Movement of Dust
Deposits of Wind-Blown Sand
Types of Sand Dunes
Sand Seas
Deposits of Wind-Blown Dust: Loess
Desertification
GeoLogic: Mars: The Eolian Planet
pt. III Earth's Tectonic System
ch. 17 Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift
Contents note continued: Paleontological Evidence
Evidence from Structure and Rock Type
Evidence from Glaciation
Evidence from Other Paleoclimatic Records
Development of the Theory of Plate Tectonics
Geology of the Ocean Floor
Paleomagnetism
Evidence from Sediment on the Ocean Floor
Plate Geography
Plate Boundaries
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Convergent Plate Boundaries
Transform Fault Boundaries
Plate Motion
Rates of Plate Motion
State of the Art: The Magnetic Fabric of the Seafloor
The Driving Mechanisms for Plate Tectonics
ch. 18 Seismicity and Earth's Interior
Characteristics of Earthquakes
Elastic-Rebound Theory
Types of Seismic Waves
Earthquake Locations
Intensity
Magnitude
Earthquake Hazards
San Francisco, 1906
Alaska, 1964
Tangshan, China, 1976
Northridge, California, 1994
Kobe, Japan, 1995
Izmit, Turkey, 1999
State of the Art: Radar Interferometry Reveals Earthquake Deformation
Contents note continued: Ancash, Peru, 1970
Valdivia, Chile, 1960
Reiteration of Earthquake Hazards
Earthquake Prediction
Earthquake Preparation
Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics
Global Patterns of Earth's Seismicity
Seismic Waves as Probes of Earth's Interior
Seismic Wave Velocity Discontinuities
Convection Inside Earth
Convection in the Core
Convection in the Mantle
State of the Art: Seismic Tomography of Earth's Mantle
GeoLogic: Inclined Seismic Zones
ch. 19 Divergent Plate Boundaries
Mid-oceanic Ridges
Methods of Study
Topography of Mid-ocean Ridges
Seismicity
Magnetic Anomalies
Heat Flow and Gravity
Structure and Composition of the Oceanic Lithosphere
Seismic Studies
Studies of Ophiolites
The Oceanic Crust Observed by Deep Submersibles
Geologic Studies of Iceland
Visualizing the Oceanic Crust
Origin and Evolution of Oceanic Crust
Magmatism at Oceanic Ridges
Seafloor Metamorphism
Contents note continued: Structural Deformation and the Origin of Abyssal Hills
Concluding Note
Continental Rifts
The Basin and Range Province
The East African Rift
The Red Sea Rift
Evolution of Continental Rifts to Passive Margins
State of the Art: Gravity Variations Reveal Hidden Continental Rift
Plate Movement During the Last 200 Million Years
GeoLogic: Sheeted Dikes of the Oman Ophiolite
ch. 20 Transform Plate Boundaries
Characteristics of Transform Plate Boundaries
Types of Transform Plate Boundaries
Oceanic Transform Plate Boundaries and Fracture Zones
Examples of Oceanic Fracture Zones
Processes at Transform Plate Boundaries
Continental Transform Faults
Examples of Continental Transform Faults
Earthquakes at Transform Boundaries
State of the Art: Global Positioning Systems
Magmatism and Metamorphism at Transform Plate Boundaries
GeoLogic: Transform(ation) of California
ch. 21 Convergent Plate Boundaries
Contents note continued: Types of Convergent Plate Boundaries
Convergence of Two Oceanic Plates
Convergence of Oceanic and Continental Plates
Convergence of Two Continental Plates
Factors Influencing the Nature of Convergent Plate Boundaries
Plate Buoyancy
The Thermal Structure of Subduction Zones
Plate Motions: Directions and Velocities
Seismicity at Convergent Plate Boundaries
Earthquakes and Subduction Zones
Earthquakes and Continental Collision
Deformation at Convergent Boundaries
Compression at Subduction Zones
Compression in Continental Collision Zones
Extension at Convergent Boundaries
Magmatism at Convergent Boundaries
Island Arc Magmatism
Continental Arc Magmatism
Generation of Magma in Subduction Zones
Magmatism in Continental Collision Zones
Volcanic Eruptions at Convergent Boundaries
79 CE
-Mount Vesuvius, Italy
1883
-Krakatau, Indonesia
1902
-Mont Pelee, West Indies
Contents note continued: 1980
-Mount St. Helens, Washington State
A Summary of Volcanic Eruptions
Metamorphism at Convergent Margins
Formation of Continental Crust
State of the Art: Magnetic Maps Show Accreted Terranes
Accreted Terranes
Accretion of North America
Continental Growth Rates
GeoLogic: Lau Basin: A Back-Arc Basin
ch. 22 Hotspots and Mantle Plumes
Hotspots and Mantle Plumes
Evidence for Mantle Plumes
Characteristics of Hotspots and Mantle Plumes
The Evolution of Mantle Plumes: Heads and Tails
Making Magma in Mantle Plumes
State of the Art: X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Mantle Plumes Beneath the Ocean Basins
Starting Plumes: Oceanic Plateaus and Flood Basalts
Plume-Tail Volcanism: Hotspot Island Chains
Plumes at Mid-ocean Ridges
Mantle Plumes Beneath Continents
The Yellowstone Plume
Continental Rifting, Flood Basalts, and Mantle Plumes
Plumes, Climate Change, and Extinctions
Contents note continued: ch. 23 Tectonics and Landscapes
Factors Influencing Continental Landscapes
Climate
Differential Erosion
Evolution of Shields
Rates of Uplift and Erosion
Major Landforms of the Stable Platform
Differential Erosion on the Stable Platform in Arid Climates
The Stable Platform of North America
Folded Mountain Belts
The Appalachian Ridge and Valley Province
Basin and Range Province
Flood Basalts: Plains and Plateaus
Evolution of Basaltic Plains
Basaltic Plains of North America
Magmatic Arcs
The Cascade Volcanic Chain
GeoLogic: Landscape of Snow Canyon, Utah
pt. IV Epilogue
ch. 24 Earth's Resources
Mineral Resources
Processes That Form Mineral Deposits
Igneous Processes
Metamorphic Processes
Sedimentary Processes
Weathering and Groundwater Processes
Energy Resources
Renewable Energy Sources
Fossil Fuels
Contents note continued: State of the Art: Three-Dimensional Seismic Imaging
Nuclear Energy
Plate Tectonics and Mineral Resources
Divergent Plate Margins
Convergent Plate Margins
Transform Plate Boundaries
Intraplate Settings
Limits to Growth and Consumption
Easter Island, Earth Island
GeoLogic: The Origin of Coal
ch. 25 Other Planets
The Inner Solar System
The Moon
Mercury
State of the Art: Geologists on Other Worlds: The Apollo Program
Mars
Venus
Thermal Histories of the Inner Planets
The Outer Solar System
Jupiter and Its Satellites
Saturn and Its Satellites
Uranus and Its Satellites
Neptune and Its Satellites
Pluto
Small Bodies of the Solar System: Asteroids and Comets
Asteroids
Comets
Origin of the Solar System
The Role of Impact Processes in the Origin of the Planets
Conclusions
GeoLogic: Chicxulub: Smoking Gun?.